INTRODUCTION:

In India, agriculture plays a very important role to development of country as our economy mainly based on it. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The most important factor for the agriculture is timely and ample supply of

water [1]. But due to uncertain rainfall and water scarcity in land reservoirs, we are not able to make proper use of

agricultural resources. Also unplanned used of water results in to wasting of water on large proportion. With the increase in agricultural activity and competitive demand from different sectors, it has become important to economize on the use of water. We can optimize use of water by adopting sensor base irrigation system [2]. There is different irrigation systems are used nowadays to reduce dependency of rain. Due to the lack of electricity and mismanagement, in the manual control irrigation system many times crops are dry or flooded with water. So to avoid this problem sensor based irrigation system is used. In manual system, farmers usually control the electric

motors observing the soil, crop and weather conditions by visiting the sites. Soil moisture sensor base irrigation system ensures proper moisture level in the soil for growing plants in all season. In this system, sensor is sensing the moisture content of soil and accordingly switches the pump motor on or off. Soil moisture sensor is find the soil condition whether the soil is wet or dry. If soil is dry the pump motor will pump the water till the field is wet which is continuously monitored by the microcontroller. The main advantage of soil moisture sensor is to ensure accurate measurements and farmer doesn’t have to visit his farm to operate the pump. For operation of sensor base irrigation system, pump motor requires energy for pumping. In day to day life there is increasing demand for energy but there is continuous reduction in existing sources of fossils and fuels. According to the survey conducted by the Bureau of Electrical Energy in India in 2011, there are around 18 million agricultural pump sets and around 0.5 million new connections per year are installed with average capacity 5HP. Total annual consumption in agriculture sector is 131.96 Billion KWh (19 % of total electricity consumption) [3]. So, solar power is only an answer to today’s energy crisis. Energy crisis is the most important issue in today’s world [4].Solar powered irrigation system can be a suitable alternative for farmers in the present state of energy crisis in India [3].It is perfect source energy in the world as it is environment friendly and its unlimited availability. In fact the amount of the Suns energy that reaches the Earth every minute is greater than the energy that the world’s population.

SOLAR IRRIGATION SYSTEM:

In many regions in the United States, solar power generation has a significantly higher potential than wind [5].Solar powered agricultural irrigation is an attractive application of renewable energy [6]. Water and energy are both necessary inputs for food production and along the supply chain, with the nexus representing a way to describe the interconnectedness with the existing global resource system [7]. In this proposed system we utilize the solar energy from solar panels to automatically pump water from bore well directly into a ground level storage tank depending on the intensity of sunlight. While conventional methods include pumping of water from bore well into a well and from this well onto field using another pump, our system uses only a single stage energy consumption wherein the water is pumped into a ground level tank from which a simple valve mechanism controls the flow of water into the field. This saves substantial amount of energy and efficient use of renewable energy. A valve is controlled using intelligent algorithm in which it regulates the flow of water into the field depending upon the moisture requirement of then In this system we use a soil moisture sensor that detects2 Fig. 1. The water-energy-food nexus and solar-based groundwater pumping for irrigation [9] Fig. 2. Basic block diagram of hardware circuit for proposed system the amount of moisture present in the soil and depending upon the requirement of level of moisture content required for the crop the water flow is regulated thus, conserving the water by avoiding over flooding of crops.Water and energy are both necessary inputs for food production [7].Figure 1 shows the outcomes of water-energy-food from proper solar irrigation system. Solar photovoltaic water pumping is a cost-effective application in remote locations in developed countries [8]. figure 2 describe the proposed system where each parameters are described bellow.

Figure 1 The water-energy-food nexus and solar-based groundwater pumping for irrigation [9]

Figure 2 Basic block diagram of hardware circuit for proposedsystem

Solar panel:

Solar panel is a device which converts solar energy into electrical energy. Solar panel is made up of smaller units called solar cell. The plenty of solar energy available during the day time can be stored in a solar cell [10]. Solar panel is made up of common semiconductor like silicon. Crystalline silicon is sandwiched between two conductive layers. A silicon solar cell is made up of two types of layer (n-type with extra electron and p-type with extra holes). Consider sun light as tiny particle known as photon. When these photon strikes the solar cell in solar panel, they knock off electron. Due to which electron hole pair in n-p layer is generated. Due to flow of these newly generated electron current is generated which can be stored in batteries for further use. Solar panel contains number of modules of solar cell depending upon the requirement. To get the maximum conversion solar panel is placed at right angle to the sun ray and able to convert ac power into dc power through some circuitry[16].

Charge Controller:

Charge controller is a brain of this proposed system. Because charge controller decides the power required to charge battery banks. Without use of charge controller lifeline of both solar panel and battery banks get depleted. Suppose if we directly connect the solar panel to battery banks then battery will get overcharge which is harmful for battery life. And in night there is flow of current from batteries to the solar panel which is harmful for solar panel. Hence it is necessary to use charge controller. Charge controller used in this project is MPPT.

Rechargeable Battery:

All batteries are made up of three major parts. Those parts are anode, cathode and electrolyte solution. Chemical reaction between these three parts ensures chemical reaction. Chemical reaction in electrolyte- make anode full of electron and cathode full of hole. Now if we connect the external circuit. Then these electrons flow from anode to cathode by powering the circuit. The types of rechargeable batteries we can use in this project can be lithium-ion or lead acid batteries. In rechargeable batteries during charging process electron flow from cathode to anode and during discharging process they flow from anode to cathode.

Inverter:

In battery banks electricity is stored in form of dc. But for working of system we require ac power. So conversion of DC power to AC power is done by using inverter in this project.

Motor runs the sub-imersible pump:

In the next step, water from tube well or bore well is pumped to the submersible pump which is located near the irrigation field .The water is further supplied to the irrigation field as per the moisture requirement of the field. The main function of submersible pump is that no air bubble is formed during the pumping process otherwise the motor will not function properly.

Pump action starts and water moves to the overhead tanks:

The water from sub-mersible pump is further passed on the overhead tank using the pumping mechanism and the water is further supplied to the irrigation field as per the requirement of the moisture content or water content in the field.

WATER PUMPING FOR IRRIGATION:

The main function of a pump is to transfer energy from a power source to a fluid, in order to create a pressure on

The fluid to transport it from one location to another. In an irrigation system, the pump is usually used to lift water from one level to a higher level or add pressure in order to obtain the required working pressure of the system. Figure 3 shows a solar irrigation system.

Figure 3 Solar irrigation System

Pumps:

There are a large amount of pumps out on the market for different uses and areas.Two types of pumps are most commonly found for SWPS application. one is Centrifugal pump and the other is Helical rotor pump [11]and [12] and [13].

Water requirements:

When designing a system for irrigation, the average water requirement for the crops grown on the field can be used to determine this factor. This requirement differs depending on the location. For increasing the crop production water is essential ingredients and pumping of water is important [14].

Types of water source:

The static water level can change over time and depending on season. In dynamic water level, the water level will typically descend when the pump is running. If exceed the capacity of source then it can lead to the pump running dry and risking severe damage.

Water storage and quality: A tank is the most economical and simplest way to store. Water quality test should be performed to determine the content in the water whether it is used for human consumption rather than irrigation purposes [15].

CODING AND RESULT:

Here we are using the Kiel software and C plus programming coding to execute our prototype model. The control

unit in printed circuit board is shown in figure 4.And finally, we were able to interface the soil moisture sensor with the MSP430 using ADC as the software interface. We display the prototype in figure 5. The ADC was successfully sampling the analog values given by the soil moisture sensor and we could see the values being stored in the memory register of the ADC. We emulated the soil using a wet tissue paper and when the soil moisture sensor was wrapped inside the wet tissue paper, one of the LEDs of the MSP430 glowed which indicated that the moisture inside the soil was sufficient shown in figure 6. But, when the soil moisture sensor was taken out of the wet tissue paper and dried thoroughly, the LED on the MSP430 stopped glowing indicating no moisture in the soil. The integration was not a success but individually, we were able to interface the heart of the project that is the soil moisture sensor to the MSP430.

#include<at89x51.h>

#include<lcd8051.h>

sbit sensor1_moisture_low=P1^0;

sbit sensor1_moisture_hig=P1^1;

sbit sensor2_moisture_low=P1^2;

sbit sensor2_moisture_hig=P1^3;

sbit sensor3_moisture_low=P1^4;

sbit sensor3_moisture_hig=P1^5;

sbitdryrun_sensor=P1^5;

sbitwater_level_full_sensor=P1^5;

sbitwater_level_empty_sensor=P1^5;

sbitpump_underground=P2^5;

sbitpump_irrigation=P2^5;

sbitbuzzer_alarm=P2^5;

void main(void)

{

sensor1_moisture_low=1;

sensor1_moisture_hig=1;

sensor2_moisture_low=1;

sensor2_moisture_hig=1;

sensor3_moisture_low=1;

sensor3_moisture_hig=1;

dryun_sensor=1;

water_level_full_sensor=1;

water_level_empty_sensor=1

pump_underground=0;

pump_irrigation=0;

buzzer_alarm=0;

lcd_init();

lcd_string(“Smart Irrigation”);

while(1)

{

If(dryrun_sensor!=0)

{

if(water_level_empty_sensor==0)

{

pump_irrigation=1;

}

else

{

pump_underground=0;

pump_irrigation=0;

//buzzer0;

}

CONCLUSION:

Solar pumping is an attractive alternative for irrigation and rural, urban drinking water pumping applications in developing countries especially India. Keeping in view huge solar potential and the fact that significant rural population lives in the remote areas which requires water for irrigation of crops. This system has no fuel costs as well as Low labor and maintenance costs. Easy to remove, transport, and store also Produces water during sunny weather when it’s needed most. It is Reliable and long life span.

REFERENCES:

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2. Yunseop Kim, Robert G Evans, and William M Iversen. Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement , 2008, 57(7):1379–1387.

3. S Harishankar, R Sathish Kumar, KP Sudharsan, U Vignesh, and T Viveknath. Solar powered smart irrigation system. Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. ISSN, , 2014, 4(4):341–346.

4. Badri Narayan Mohapatra and Rashmita Kumari Mohapatra. Microcontrollerbased dual axis solar tracking system.

5. Anelia R Milbrandt, Donna M Heimiller, Andrew D Perry, Field. Renewable energy potential on marginal lands in the united states. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ,2014, 29:473–481

6. Leah C Kelley, Eric Gilbertson, Anwar Sheikh, Steven D Eppinger, and Steven Dubowsky. On the feasibility of solar-powered irrigation.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(9):2669–2682.

7. AlisherMirzabaev, Dawit DiribaGuta, Jann Goedecke, Varun Gaur,JanB¨orner, Detlef Virchow, Manfred Denich, and Joachim von Braun. Bioenergy, food security and poverty reduction: Mitigating tradeoffs and promoting synergies along the water-energy-food security nexus. 2014.

8. Kala Meah, Sadrul Ula, and Steven Barrett. Solar photovoltaic water pumpingopportunities and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008 , 12(4):1162–1175.

9. Alvar Closas and Edwin Rap. Solar-based groundwater pumping for irrigation: Sustainability, policies, and limitations. Energy Policy, , 2017,104:33–37.

10. Badri Narayan Mohapatra, Aishwarya Dash, and Bipin Prasad Jarika. Power saving solar street lights,2017.

11. H Ali. Practices of irrigation and on-farm water management: Volume 2. practices of irrigation and on-farm water management, 2011.

12. Michael Volk. Pump characteristics and applications. CRC Press, 2013.

13. Stavros I Yannopoulos, GerasimosLyberatos, NicolaosTheodossiou, Wang Li, Mohammad Valipour, Aldo Tamburrino, and Andreas N Angelakis. Evolution of water lifting devices (pumps) over the centuries worldwide. Water, 2015 , 7(9):5031–5060.

14. HP Garg. Advances in Solar Energy Technology: Volume 3 Heating, Agricultural and Photovoltaic Applications of Solar Energy. Springer Science and Business Media, 2012.

15. Teresa D Morales and John Busch. Design of small photovoltaic (pv) solar-powered water pump systems. Portland, Oregon.Stavros I Yannopoulos, GerasimosLyberatos, NicolaosTheodossiou,Wang Li, Moh, 2010.

16. Badri Narayan Mohapatra, Rashmita Kumari Mohapatra, “Microcontroller based dual axis solar tracking system” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) .

Received on 17.09.2017 Accepted on 28.01.2018

Int. J. Tech. 2018; 8(1): 16-22

DOI:10.5958/2231-3915.2018.00004.4